So after adding my comment on this post, I dug a little deeper and found this one. Sure enough, restarting the PS4 fixed the quest and allowed me to make actual progress!
This is happening to me as well. I have recorded a video of me going through and starting the quest from my orbiter, then finding the location in navigation and traveling there.
Link to my unlisted Youtube video here: Warframe Heart Of Deimos Not Progressing